Friday, January 25, 2008

Membincang Multi-Tafsir Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah-nya NU

Kalau warga NU ditanya, “Islam model apakah yang anda ikuti?” Jawabnya pasti kompak, “Ya tentu, Islam sunni atau Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah.” Lain halnya jika mereka disodorkan pertanyaan, “Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah itu apa?” Nahdliyyin yang satu dengan yang lain bisa dipastikan punya jawaban yang tidak satu. Memang, dekade belakangan ini, term Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah, yang disingkat Aswaja, di lingkungan NU tidak lagi berlaku tafsir tunggal, tapi berkembang sesuai dengan komunitas warganya. Nahdliyyin di lingkungan pesantren, dalam memaknai Aswaja, tidak menutup kemungkinan berbeda dengan kalangan akademisi NU, atau kiai-kiai yang aktif di struktural ataupun kultural, dan juga anak-anak muda yang dilahirkan dari “rahim” NU.

Aswaja pada periode awal NU, seperti dibakukan Hadratus Syeikh Hasyim Asyari dalam Qanun Asasi NU, mengacu pada Abu Hasan al-Asy’ari dan al-Maturidi dalam bidang teologi; dan madzhab empat: Hanafi, Maliki, Syafii, dan Hambali, dalam ranah fikih; serta dua opsi yaitu al-Ghazali dan al-Junaidi dalam aras tasawuf. Inilah yang disebut dengan “Madzhab Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah”. Di samping itu, Mbah Hasyim juga menulis Risalah Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah yang merupakan penjabaran aswaja, mulai dari sejarah, bid’ah, sampai dengan amaliahnya. Karya Mbah Hasyim ini masih terbilang pengantar, dan belum cukup detil.

Untuk melangkapinya, KH Ali Maksum Krapyak tampil dengan karya Hujjah Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah. Kitab ini yang cukup populer di pesantren dan madrasah NU. Kitab ini membuka pembahasan dengan mengajukan landasan normatif Aswaja. Beberapa hadits (meski dho'if) dan atsar sahabat disertakan. Mbah Maksum menjelaskan secara detail menjelaskan persoalan talqin mayit, shalat tarawih, adzan Jumat, shalat qabliyah Jumat, penentuan awal ramadhan dengan rukyat, dan sebagainya. Karya ini seakan-akan menjadi karya jami`-mani` dalam diskursus aswaja di zamannya.

Tafsiran yang berbeda, dan lebih kontekstual, pernah digagas KH. Ahmad Shiddiq. Pada tahun 1969, kala menjabat sebagai Ketua Wilayah Partai NU Jawa Timur, ia menyusun konsep Metode Berfikir Nahdlatul Ulama. Ini bak standar maindset atau frame cara berpikir Nahdliyyin dalam konteks kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Rumusan ini, dalam perkembangannya, tak sepopuler Hujjah Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah­-nya Mbah Maksum.

Setelah masa itu, doktrin aswaja mengalami stagnasi atau “tidur panjang”. Tidak banyak pemahaman baru atas teks-teks keagamaan yang muncul dari para penganut Aswaja. Yang terjadi hanyalah daur ulang atas pemahaman ulama-ulama klasik, tanpa menambahkan metodologi baru dalam memahaminya. Bahkan, berkembang klaim keselamatan (salvation claim) yang begitu kental sempat melekat di kalangan pengikut aswaja. Keyakinan itu berdasarkan hadis yang mensuratkan bahwa satu-satunya golongan dalam Islam yang selamat adalah ahlussunnah wal jamaah. Hal ini membuat orang takut untuk memunculkan tafsiran baru aswaja dalam rangka merespon konteks kekinian.

Tak terduga, perdebatan aswaja kembali menyeruak justeru di penghujung abad 20, yang secara kebetulan atau tidak, berbarengan dengan atmosfir tradisi kritis yang merupakan pemanasan transisi pemerintahan orde baru ke orde paling baru yang disebut reformasi. Kala itu, wong NU dikejutkan KH. Said Aqil Siradj dengan gagasan aswaja sebagai “manhaj al-fikr” (metode berfikir) bukan sebagai madzhab. Sontak, riuh perdebatan aswaja kembali melesat di jagad NU. Bahkan, Kang Said waktu itu mengalami “pengadilan pemikiran” pada forum halaqah PBNU (1996), sebab ia dianggap “menabrak pagar” doktrin aswaja yang sudah mapan.

Usai peristiwa itu, interpretasi aswaja menggelinding bak bola salju. Berbagai halaqah, diskusi, seminar, dan lokakarya digelar di mana-mana untuk membincang kembali apa itu sebenarnya aswaja. Umpan Kang Said ini ternyata mendapat sambutan meriah di kalangan anak muda NU. Bagi kaum muda, manhaj al-fikr ini dapat dikembangkan menjadi rumusan doktrin teologis yang progresif-revolusioner yang melingkupi seluruh aspek kehidupan. Tapi, sayangnya, ide itu berkembang menjadi sangat abstrak dan tanpa koridor yang jelas. Siapapun berhak untuk menafsir dan memberikan interpretasi sesuai dengan kepentingannya dengan mengatasnamakan aswaja sebagai manhaj al-fikr.

Prototipe dari kelompok anak muda ini akhirnya menjadi bias dan bercitra negatif (di sebagian kalangan NU), misalnya liberal, pro-Barat, sekuler, kiri, dan sebagainya. Karena itu, gagasan ini menjadi kontra-produktif jika dibiarkan, dan akan menemukan relevansinya jika diarahkan menjadi perbincangan yang konstruktif. Kalau memang aswaja itu menjadi manhaj al-fikr, kalau begitu harus ada konsep epistemologis yang jelas. Begitu juga harus dibarengi dengan rumusan metode berfikir, secara rigid dan teoritis, sebagai pisau analisa untuk menjawab berbagai persoalan kekinian dalam aspek kehidupan beragama, berbangsa, dan bernegara.

Gagasan manhaj al-fikr tak sepenuhnya diamini. Beberapa tokoh NU juga menafsir aswaja dengan ritme berfikir, latar belakang, dan tujuan yang berbeda. Antara lain, KH. Ma’ruf Amin, KH. Tholhah Hasan, dan KH. Nuril Huda. Tentu masih banyak tokoh NU lain yang tidak mungkin semuanya disebutkan di sini. Bahkan belum lama ini, PWNU Jawa Timur merumuskan aswaja NU secara kolektif melalui Halaqah Khittah Nahdliyah. Hasilnya dirumuskan menjadi buku Ahlussunnah Waljamaah an-Nahdliyah yang ditulis oleh tim dengan pen-tashih KH. Miftachul Akhyar (Wakil Rais Syuriah) dan KH. Hasyim Abbas (Katib Syuriah). Buku ini mengulas berbagai masalah dari sudut pandang Aswaja an-Nahdliyah, seperti persoalan hukum, akidah, akhlak, sikap kemasyarakatan dan kebangsaan, sikap berbangsa dan bernegara, dan tradisi.

Kalau begitu, menyimpulkan aswaja ala NU ini bukan perkara mudah, terutama bagi kalangan pesantren yang tidak terlalu sering mengikuti gonjang-ganjing pemikiran di luar dunia pesantren. Beberapa pemikiran aswaja yang mengemuka di atas tak lain merupakan percikan-percikan lokal dan individual, yang tentu tidak etis jika mengklaim sebagai representatif dari genuine pemikiran aswaja NU. Yang ada hanyalah aswaja ala Mbah Maksum, ala Kang Said, ala Kiai Makruf, ala PWNU Jawa Timur, dan seterusnya. []

Monday, January 21, 2008

If I Had 1 Billion Rupiah

I want to buy a home in Jakarta City for my family so we can all live together. They live in a small village in East Java now. I will also build a society reading house in some villages to improve the society skills, based on their local basic needs, such as agriculture, home industry and plantations. Therefore, I need a lot of money to buy books and literature related to those studies. I believe this will increase cultural understanding between villagers and Indonesian societies. Of course, it will bring me happiness because civil education is one of my hobbies and part of my dreams. I am very glad to discuss or do something focused on civil education. So if I have an opportunity, I always spend time and money on that subject.

My challenge is how to manage money because I can't do it well. Generally I spend my money but forget what I spent it on. This is especially true when I meet my friends or help someone else. That's why people call me the philanthropist who doesn't keep track of his finances. [just writing]

Saturday, December 22, 2007

Multiculturalism and Religious Schools

By Abdullah Ubaid Matraji


Jakarta - In past years, a quiet place with the feel of a holy shrine has been accused of being a terrorists’ nest promoting violence in the name of religion. Those that attend have been labeled exclusive, conservative, rigid, and intolerant. Pesantrens, Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia, have been facing severe criticism since Ali Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim, the perpetrator of the Bali Bombing and a former pesantren student was captured four years ago. To investigate whether this criticism is well-founded, the Jakarta-based International Center for Islam and Pluralism (ICIP) recently conducted a study to see whether pesantren teaches violence toward those who are different.

They interviewed a random selection of pesantren communities consists of pesantren leaders (ulama or kyai), teaching staff (ustadz), and senior students (santri senior) attending 20 different schools in West Java on issues of multiculturalism, such as tolerance, democracy, gender, and Islamic doctrine. The results suggest that pesantren communities in West Java have an incomplete understanding of multiculturalism. For example, the issue of non-Muslims becoming second class citizen seems something that should be normally accepted. M. Mufti from Pesantren Baiturrahman, Bandung, said, “If this is viewed from the theory of state, non-Muslims becoming second-class citizens is possible. This is because when one country uses certain religious law as its constitution, the rights of the faithful whose religious law is officially used would be better protected. Even, I think, such constitution should also be applied to other faithful of different religion.”

However, one should not instantly conclude from this finding that those who attend pesantrens are in general intolerant. When asked about the ethics of social interaction with non-Muslims, for example how to respond to differences and how to interpret religious doctrines that seem to incite violence against non-Muslims. For example, there are some questions, Will they be forced to eventually observe shari‘a? How far will their existence be guaranteed?

Ustadz Syamsuddin from Pesantren Darul Muttaqin, Cirebon, said, in Indonesia’s context in which there are various ethnic groups and religions, the enforcement of shari‘a to non-Muslims cannot be justified. “In Islam we cannot force people who have not been granted hidayah (guidance) to follow us. This means if we want perform dakwah by forcing them we would instead create problems. For those who have already understood Islam, let’s move together. For those who haven’t, let’s walk in different paths,” said Syamsuddin.

The same view has also been shared by Siti Asadiyah, a senior teacher at Pesantren Darussalam, Ciamis. She said, “Non-Muslims should not worry if shari‘a is to be officially endorsed as state constitution because their existence will surely be protected. History tells of how they were protected during the era of Prophet Muhammad. At that time when Muslims became rulers, the non-Muslims surrendered and paid tax to the Muslim rulers.”

From this study, it appears that pesantren students are open to and accepting of differences and disagree with the use of violence toward non-Mulims. It shows that their opinion do not oppossed to the concept of multiculturalism.

The term multiculturalism developed out of post-modernist thought in the West. It is usually defined as a system of values whereby diverse groups co-exist in a unified society; whatever cultural, gender, religion, or other differences they may have. This concept not only acknowledges differences, but also emphasizes that all differences deserve equal respect in the public sphere.

In pesantrens, multiculturalism is the status quo. This matter can be proved with tradition in some pesantrens which do not look into that difference become problem, for example: different idea, religion, or race. In the habit, a santri cooperates with abangan Islamic circle and Moslem community which jell with tradition of Javanese syncretism. Traditionally, pesantren were founded on five guiding principles: moderation, balance, tolerance, justice, and deliberation.

The word itself has interesting roots; pesantren is derived from the Sanskrit sastri, which means people who learn the holy book. Pesantren, in the context of ancient Indonesian culture, is a place where Hindus and Buddhists learn their holy books. Then, this term was adopted by the Muslims in the area. The etymology of pesantren is a reflection on the inhabitants who don’t hesitate to mingle with other religions.

Fuad Al-Anshori, the principle of Pesantren Al-Ashriyyah Nurul Iman (Nurul Iman modern Islamic boarding school), recently said in a television interview that many non-Muslims visit his pesantren and are kindly welcomed. Why? Fuad explained by quoting the words of the Prophet Muhammad: “Respect all guests even if they are non-Muslims.” A delegation of eight priests from United Kingdom led by Yeni Zannuba Wahid, daughter of former Indonesian president, Gus Dur, visited Nurul Iman to learn the true Islamic doctrine. They spent three days socializing with a pesantren of 9000 students, and concluded that Islam is peaceful and full of tolerance.

So, pesantren communities have different respon on multiculturalism issue in Indonesia. Most of them residing in West Java cannot accept full. But part of them, for example Nurul Iman in Bogor, exactly indicates that multiculturalism by substantial have grown over there. []

Why I want to learn English?

Actually, English is not my thing, but I need it now. At first, when I was studying in the University, I did not need it because my major was Islamic studies and reading Arabic books was required more than reading English literature. It became more of a requirement when I got a job working as a journalist. I always felt some difficulty when my boss gave me the task of interviewing a foreigner who used the English language. I had an experience that I was embarrassed about. I had to interview a mosque imam from the United Kingdom and the topic was democracy and Islamic phobia in the UK. I had no problem in the beginning, but after about thirty minutes, I started to experience problems because of my lack of vocabulary.

I asked him, "No violence in democracy?" "What?" he said. I repeated my question clearly one more time, but he still didn't understand. Then, I asked by changing the structure, "In democracy no violence?" He said to me, "I don't know what you mean?" So, I was confused because of my question. (I thought my question was correct.) Therefore, I want to learn English in order to get more skills in this subject, and so that these kinds of accidents won't happen again. []

Thursday, December 06, 2007

Critic of Public Order Bylaw in Jakarta

Oleh Abdullah Ubaid Matraji


As we knew that Jakarta is metropolitan and pluralism city. People come to this place from different background, for example: religious, race, and culture. Therefore, we want to live and associate with everyone to get the peaceful society. But, now we are finding the obstacles that make Jakarta society getting worse. The problem caused this condition is public order bylaw produced by Jakarta local government. Some articles indicated to discriminate the sick, women, non-Muslim, etc. For example, article 46, “Individuals or organizations are not allowed to keep alcoholic beverage without permission from the authorities.” That article enhance with article 31 line 3, “Individuals or organizations that run restaurants are obligated to display a halal label.” If that rule is applied we’ll find awkwardness. Because this article gets in private area, so what if someone keeps a beer in their refrigerator? I believe, this bylaw won’t run because opposes pluralism and people’s basic right. []

 
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